Solar Thermal System
It took us a long time to decide on the system to provide hot water for the house. Partly because we were going through a steep learning curve but mostly because the destination we set out for was somewhat broad. It was analogous to going on a road trip by having the target destination specified with just the city name but not the specific street or the address. So we were very careful because there were were many paths to get there and the recommendations from various experts did not converge. Each expert we spoke with had a different take on the path and each one of them had a very strong opinion. We were so flummoxed that we stopped construction for 2 months while we sorted this out. One lesson we learned was that there are many different ways to achieve water heating and you need to decide on the right solution for your situation. There is no silver bullet. Another lesson is “How you frame the question influences the solution,” and finally,”The clearer the goal, the clearer the path to the destination.” I will spare you the drama of this journey and will instead present the journey in a summary fashion broken down into 4 phases – (1) Requirements, (2) Design, (3) Installation, and (4) Results Measured. Before we embark on this summary journey, take a peek at the finished mechanical room.
(1) Requirements
The broadest statement of our goal was to “Have a hotwater system that minimizes the carbon footprint for our draw profile.” Now let’s break this down into 2 parts – draw profile and carbon footprint.
The “draw profile” or how we use hot water can be categorized into 3 parts. First is the day-to-day use of washing hands (short draw) and showers/baths (long draw). The second part is the hot water demand from appliances, specifically dishwasher and washing machine. Both of our appliances (Miele Futura Dimension dishwasher and Bosch Axxis+ clothes washer) are quite efficient in their water usage and have their own water heating elements built in. This means the warmer the temperature of the incoming water, the less energy it will take to heat the water to meet their program cycle. The third part of our draw profile, the ofuro or soaking tub, represents the ultra long draw. You see, one of the outcomes I wanted from Midori Haus was to have a par-boiled experience of soaking up to my chin in hot water that was at least 110F degrees. The soaking tub we selected (MTI Yubune #77) has a capacity of 155 gallons. This ultra long draw is not an everyday event but a random, once in a while event that didn’t fit into the average household hotwater draw profile. This is a luxury behavior we decided to keep within scope to promote the happiness and well-being of the occupants of the house.
You may ask, “Why do you want to minimize carbon footprint?” The simple answer is this: Because we want to do something tangible in our personal space we control that reduces impact on climate change. “OK, that’a a noble goal,” you might say, “and tell me how your choice in water heating system affects climate change.” Well, you can heat water at home by different means. The sun can directly heat the water using the solar thermal system. Electricity can heat the water using heat pump technology. Gas boiler can heat the water. Each approach has pros and cons. The most important outcome we desire is to minimize the use of source energy at power plants. Why?
- According to the Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gass Emissions and Sinks the largest part of greenhouse gasses is carbon dioxide (84%) and the largest source of greenhouse gasses is electricity (33%).
- Unless you live off the grid (i.e. not connected to the utility infrastruture where you produce electricity at your home and having a battery storage system to power your house when the sun is not shining) you’re getting your electricity from your utility company. Should you be inclined to watch an entertaining and informative video on electricity for 5 minutes, have a look at Energy 101: Electricity Generation.
- You’ll note from the video that the electricity power plant is a big steam engine that turns the turbine which spins the magnet to produce electricity. The amount of energy needed to heat the big steam engine is about 3 times the amount of electricity produced. If you have the appetite to consume mathematical formulas that explain the Rankine cycle and the efficiency of power cycles I invite you to visit Thermopedia. There are different ways of turning the turbine (dams at hydro electric plant, wind farm, burning coal, nuclear) and in the worst case scenario for every 1 unit of electricity that reaches your home 3 units of energy was burnt at the source (power plant). So, if we minimize the use of electricity at home including water heating we minimize the carbon emissions at the power plant and reduce our impact to climate change.
With the focus on minimizing source energy, we refined our requirement further by selecting solar thermal system with a tiny solar electric PV panel to avoid drawing any electricity from the grid to run our hotwater system. When we have continuous cloudy, rainy days the solar thermal system will need backup heating. For this we chose a gas boiler since we planned to have an outdoor barbecue plumbed with natural gas.
With these requirements defined let’s look at the design of the solar thermal system at Midori Haus.
(2) Design
We gave our requirements to Patrick Splitt of App-Tech to design the solar thermal system. He designed an elegant system to meet our needs and provided us with detailed drawings and equipment list. Instead of sharing the detailed design on this post I’ll briefly describe system using my diagram below.
At the heart of the system is the indirect tank from TriangleTube, model SME120. This is a tank within a tank where the water stored in the outer tank (66 gallons) heats the inner tank (105 gallons) that is used for heat storage and domestic hot water. Note that the water in the 2 tanks never mix — the outside tank water is used strictly for heat exchanges and the inner tank is used inside the house for washing and bathing. The tank has 2-inches of polyurethane foam insulation built into the tank to minimize standby loss and we further wrapped the outside of the tank with few layers of bubble foil insulation to really keep the heat in.
The water in the outer tank is heated by the heat exchanger coil in the bottom of the outer tank.
When the sun is shining the tiny photovoltaic (PV) panel generates electricity to power the pump that circulates propylene glycol in the heat exchanger coil up to the Heliodyne solar thermal panel. This is a clever design because the pump would never circulate the heat exchange fluid to cool off at night.
If the temperature of the hot water in the inner tank drops below 120F the aquastat sensor would trigger a signal to kick on the gas boiler to heat the water in the outer tank. The CC125S Challenger Solo Boiler from TriangleTube is designed to work together with the SME120. It is energy efficient with up to 94% AFUE.
The hot water in the outer tank is also used for space heating inside the house. The thermostat in the hallway controls the pump to circulate hot water through the water-to-air heat exchanger (think of this as a box similar to car radiator) located next to the heat recovery ventilaor (HRV). Details of the HRV will be covered in a different post.
The combination of SME120 and CC125S allows us to maximize the use of heat energy from the sun. This is another clever feature of the design we like because this allows us to use the hotwater heated by the sun at night and reducess short cycling caused by “cold water slug”in the pipe.
(3) Installation
The solar thermal system was installed by Duane Wilson of Wilson Hydronics in the mechanical room. The mechanical room is a compact 38 square feet space located on the south-west corner of the house. Note that the mechanical room is outside of the air-sealing envelope of the house.
The solar thermal panels are made by Heliodyne, a solar thermal company located in the San Francisco Bay Area. We used 3 of the flat plate collectors (Gobi 408 001) and rack mounted them on the south roof at 45 degrees angle. Installing the panels at an angle helps to product more heat in the winter when the sun angle is lower.
The copper pipes that run from the mechanical room to the panels on the roof are insulated with 1″ self sealing Armaflex tubes.
The controller to run the pump that sends propelyne glycol to the panels on the roof is from Art-Tec Solar. The small PV panel on the roof next to the mechanical room generates electricity to operate the pump to circulate glycol through the solar collectors on the roof. This ony operates when the sun is shining so we avoid cooling off the glycol heat transfer fluid at night or during rain.
The vent you see on the flat roof is for the Challenger Boiler.
SME 120 indirect tank — before and after bubble wrap insulation.
Challenger boiler – CC125S.
To minimize scaling in the hot water system we installed the Heater Treater from Falsken Water Treatment System.
There are many more interesting stuff in the mechanical room, such as expansion tanks, pumps, check valves, etc. If you want to see the full detail, I invite you to attend one of our public tours of Midori Haus.
(4) Results Measured
“Is it comfortable?” and “How much energy did it take to provide adequate hot water for space heating?” are the two questions that are important to us. So I will share our data from WELserver and PG&E to answer those questions.
Is it comfortable? Yes, it feels comfortable in the house. Let me show this to you with data. Below is one of the signs I posted on the wall for the Passive House Days tour about 1 month ago. The green screenshot on the right is from the WELserver we installed in our house reporting the temperature, humdity and VOC measurements from different rooms in the house. There will be a different post on WELserver to describe it in greater detail. The left side overlays the temperature measurements on the layout of the house. As you can see, this data shows the house having a comfortable temperature range of 68 – 72 degrees Fahrenheit in the middle of the night when the external temperature is at 48F.
A more recent example displays the low heating demand for the house. Data below was taken this morning at 8:30 A.M., after the sun had been shining for 1.5 hours. Overnight low temperature was a very cold 28F. This is very cold for our mild climate here and we did an overnight experiment where we turned off the heat recovery ventilator (HRV) to see how the house performs by relying on the super-insulation and the ultra tight air-sealing to keep the internal heat gains inside the house. Below you see the temperature in the rooms of the house dropping a few degrees to 64 – 67 degrees Fahrenheit range. This means that the heating system only needs to bring up the air temperature in the house by few degrees to keep it comfortable. When energy modeling calculation was done using the Passive House Planning Package (PHPP) we learned that the house would need less energy than a hair dryer would use to keep it warm.
One anomaly you may notice below is the wide temperatures range of the exterior – south deck is 71F and the front porch is 33F. In this case the front porch temperature is more representative of the actual outside temperature. The south deck receives direct sun and the sensor gets pretty warm after having the sun beating down on it for 1.5 hours.
How much energy did it take to heat the hotwater?
The solar thermal system needs a boost from the boiler every now and then when the temperature of the inside tank dips below 120F. This could be caused by standby loss (tank losing heat to the cold air surrounding the tank) or when there is a big draw (filling the soaking tub). We used the soaking tub about 3 times during the summer and the temperature of the hotwater in the inner tank never dipped below 120F so the gas usage on our utility bill from PG&E is mostly from the boiler. The few therms we used in the summer is probably due to the outdoor gas barbecue.
Our natural gas usage is indicated by the blue line in the graph above. As you can see the gas usage is just a fraction of what similar homes use. The definition of similar homes represented in this graph are 100 homes of similar size within 0.6 miles radius that use natural gas for space heating.
What About Cost?
You may have noticed that “lowest cost solution for minimal hot water use” was not part of our criteria in designing our solar thermal system. We wanted to be comfortable and splurge with a nice soak every once in a while. After agonizing over the high price tag we stuck to our goal of minimizing our carbon footprint by avoiding the use of electricity for hot water heating. So we accepted the high price tag to implement this elegant solution and we hope this system will be with us for a long time. We are using about 350 therms/year less than similar homes in the area but with natural gas prices being so low it would take a long time to pay back the higher cost of this system compared to some other approaches. The bright side is that we won’t feel the impact of natural gas price hike in the future because we use so little of it. Also, we have resiliency built into our dwelling becaues we will have hot water during blackouts and gas outages. As long as the sun is shining we will have hot water.
Conclusion
The solar thermal system we implemented is just one approach to heating water at home. There are many paths to generating hotwater. We chose this approach because of our desire to reduce carbon footprint and meet the needs of our hotwater usage. It’s not a solution for everyone. Some of our friends who are remodeling their homes in an environmentally conscious way have adopted a different approach. They are going all electric by installing PV on their roof and are using heat pump water heater that could generate 3~5 watts of hot water for every 1 watt electricity used by the pumps and fans. They also were concerned about carbon and chose to avoid natural gas because of methane leakage at the fields where natural gas is extracted. I’m happy for them for choosing a solution that best meet their requirements.
What’s important, I believe, is to be clear about your desired outcomes and decide for yourself and share the results with others. The real validation of the system is when the contractor who installed your system implements the same at his house. We’ll see if this happens.